Showing posts with label Intellectual Property. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Intellectual Property. Show all posts

Thursday 29 January 2015

Intellectual Property (IP) Value Realization


IP-driven companies thoroughly and vigorously develop a Technology Value Realization (IP Commercialization) process to a level of sophistication such that they can predict with a reasonably high degree of accuracy the market success for their emerging technologies. This process links the stages of moving a technology with product potential to patent procurement/ management. In the four phases of technology commercialization, there are parallel patent value realization activities.














Bringing Patent Protected Technology to Market
The process begins in the Research & Development (R&D) labs where technology with product potential is identified. It is at this early point that the linkage with the patent process is formed.
Commercialization ProcessPatent Process
  I. Technology Analysis Process  I. Patent Search
  • Starts with an analysis of the technology followed by the development of a draft Technical Product Description
  • Patent searches are done for prior art
  • Provisional patents may be filed
  II. Market Opportunity Identification  II. Patent Application
  • Market opportunity identification
  • Competitive analysis
  • Draft Business Case
  • Final Technical Product Description
  • Initial patent value determination is made
  • Patent application is registered with the Patent and Trademark offices of the US (and other countries) for value added features
  • Patent Issued (or rejected)
  III. Market Actualization Planning  III. Patent Profit Planning
  • Most effective method(s) for value realization/commercialization are determined
  • Develop licensing strategies and Patent Licensing Agreements (PLAs)
  IV. Implementation  IV. Patent Management
  • Commercialization and appoint of a Product Manager (or market manager) to transition the technology into implementation and bring it to market
  • Associated patent(s) are then moved into Patent Management









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Saturday 13 December 2014

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS


  1. What is intellectual property? 
    Intellectual property (IP) can be defined as any novel or previously undescribed invention, process, machine, composition of matter, life form, article of manufacture, software, data, written work, design or image, and know-how and information associated with the above. Intellectual Property may or may not be protectable under legislation, and may be tangible (e.g. biological organisms, plant varieties, computer software, engineering drawings etc.) or intangible (e.g. patents, copyrights, ideas, tacit knowledge etc.). IP is owned by individuals, organizations, institutions etc., and can be bought, sold or licensed. It is therefore essential that IP be adequately protected.

    Patents, registered designs, trade marks and copyright are the most common ways of protecting IP and preventing others from using or otherwise exploiting it without the owner's permission. Other types of IP include circuit layout rights, plant breeders' rights and trade secrets. Although each is a separate area of law, all are designed to provide some protection against the unauthorized use of products of the human mind, particularly if such use provides an unfair trade advantage.

    IP allows people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property. The owner of IP can control, and be rewarded for, its use, and this encourages further innovation and creativity to the benefit of us all.
  2. What constitutes an invention? 
    An invention is a novel and useful idea relating to processes, machines, manufactures, and compositions of matter. It is probable that an invention has been made when something new and useful has been conceived or developed, or when unusual, unexpected, or non-obvious results have been obtained and can be exploited. An invention may be the product of a single individual or a group of individuals who have collaborated on a project.
  3. Who is an inventor? 
    According to US patent law, inventors are those who have made independent, original, conceptual contributions to an invention. For the purposes of its Intellectual Property Policy, the MRC refers to individuals that contribute to inventions as either IP creators or IP enablers. IP Creator(s) are individuals who are deemed to have made an intellectual contribution to the creation and/or development of IP. They do not include individuals that have only carried out the tasks or supplied materials, and are not necessarily those appearing as authors on a scientific publication. IP Enabler(s) are individuals who have indirectly contributed to the creation and/or application of Intellectual Property and without whose intellectual contribution commercial application would not have been possible. Assistants, technicians and others who have contributed in taking the idea or concept to fruition may be considered as IP Enablers. IP enablers do not necessarily qualify as inventors for patenting purposes.
  4. Who owns the invention? 
    As described in the MRC's Intellectual Property Policy, the MRC, in most cases, owns all IP generated by MRC-supported researchers. Where IP emanates from external MRC units, the IP is jointly owned with the relevant university. The IC acts on behalf of the MRC and the researcher(s) to transfer inventions to the marketplace. Any revenue generated from the successful transfer of the invention is then divided proportionately between the IC, the MRC, the MRC unit where the invention was made, and the researcher(s).




Saturday 29 November 2014

What is Intellectual Property?

Intellectual property (IP) rights are legally recognized exclusive rights to creations of the mind.[ Under intellectual property laws, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symols, and designs. Common types of intellectual property rights include copyright,trademarkspatentsindustrial design rightstrade dress, and in some jurisdictions trade secrets.
Although many of the legal principles governing intellectual property rights have evolved over centuries, it was not until the 19th century that the term intellectual property began to be used, and not until the late 20th century that it became commonplace in the majority of the world. The British Statute of Anne (1710) and the Statute of Monopolies (1624) are now seen as the origins ofcopyright and patent law respectively.
Generally speaking, “intellectual property” is probably best thought of (at least form a conceptual standpoint) as creations of the mind that are given the legal rights often associated with real or personal property. The rights that are obtained by the creator are a function of statutory law (i.e., law created by the legislature). These statutes may be federal or state laws, or in some instance both federal and state law govern various aspect of a single type of intellectual property.
The term intellectual property itself is now commonly used to refer to the bundle of rights conferred by each of the following fields of law: (1) patent law; (2) copyright law; (3) trade secret law; (4) the right of publicity; and (5) trademark and unfair competition law. Some people confuse these areas of intellectual property law, and although there may be some similarities among these kinds of intellectual property protection, they are different and serve different purposes.
 

What is a Patent?
Whenever you think patent you should think  invention. Thus, a patent is the grant of a property right to an inventor. Patents only exist once they have been granted, and in the United States patents are issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, which is a non-commercial federal entity and one of 14 bureaus in the Department of Commerce. Before going any further it is worth pointing out that ideas are not patentable, although every invention starts out with an idea. Still, in order to be in a position where you can obtain a patent your idea must have matured into an invention. 
There are three very different kinds of patent in the United States: (1) a utility patent, which covers the functional aspects of products and processes; (2) a design patent, which covers the ornamental design of useful objects; and (3) a plant patent, which covers a new variety of living plant.
Each type of patent confers “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States or “importing” the invention into the United States. It is important to note, however, that patents do not protect ideas, but rather protect only tangible or identifiable structures and methods.

Typically when someone refers generically to “a patent” they are talking about a utility patent. In order to obtain a utility patent it is necessary to file a non-provisional patent application and go through an examination process where a patent examiner will review the application to determine what, if any, claims can be allowed. Many are probably also familiar with aprovisional patent application, which can be used to establish priority and give the applicant “patent pending” status. A provisional patent application will never mature into a patent though. It is always necessary to file a non provisional patent application to obtain a patent.
Patent claims define the exclusive rights granted by the government. If it is not in a patent claim you do not have rights associated with it. If the claims are too detailed they can be easy to get around and not commercially useful. There is a lot that goes into any patent application, both from a technical and strategic standpoint.
Generally speaking the patent term for utility patents is now 20 years from the date on which the application for the patent was filed in the United States. Under some circumstances it is possible to obtain a 5 year extension to the patent grant, but this is rare, unless your invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition. It is also possible to obtain extension of patent term due to USPTO delay. Design patents, unlike utility patents, have a 14 year term from date of issuance.  Historically, design patents were quite weak, but as the result of an important decision from the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in the Fall of 2008, design patents are now much stronger and should be considered an important part of a patent portfolio when your invention relates to a product.


What is a Copyright?
Copyright is a form of protection provided to the authors of “original works of authorship” including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works, both published and unpublished. Copyright law generally gives the owner of a copyright the exclusive right to reproduce the copyrighted work, to prepare derivative works, to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work, to perform the copyrighted work publicly, or to display the copyrighted work publicly.
The copyright protects the form of expression rather than the subject matter of the writing. For example, a description of a machine could be copyrighted, but this would only prevent others from copying the description; it would not prevent others from writing a description of their own or from making and using the machine. In order to prevent the making and using of the machine one would have to seen patent protection. Copyrights are registered by the Copyright Office, which is a part of the Library of Congress.
Copyright protection does not and cannot exist for an idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described or embodied. This is true because a copyright protects only the form of expression rather than the subject matter of the writing. It is simply not the function of the copyright laws to protect anything other than original expression. Ideas are not protected by copyright law because protecting an idea would take the idea out of the public domain and would prevent others from using the idea to create their own independent and original works of authorship.
 
What is a Trade Secret?
A trade secret is any valuable business information that is that is not generally known and is subject to reasonable efforts to preserve confidentiality. A trade secret will be protected from misappropriation from exploitation (through state law) by those who either obtain access through improper means or who breach a promise to keep the information confidential.
Trade secret misappropriation is really a type of unfair competition. Remedies for infringement of a trade secret include damages, profits, reasonable royalties, and an injunction. Some statutes also provide for enhanced damages and attorneys fees in certain circumstances.

Trade secrets are a very important part of any intellectual property portfolio. It is not at all an overstatement to say that virtually every business has trade secrets worth protection, regardless of whether the business is run as a sole proprietorship, a small business or Fortune 500 company. This is true because any business information that is valuable as a result of being kept secret qualifies for treatment as a trade secret.  Nevertheless, it may be better to say that every business has assets that could and should be protected as trade secrets, but the truth is that many companies, even large companies, fail to do so properly.  The failure to treat information as a trade secret means you have no asset at all, and no remedy if the information is taken or stolen by others.  Thus, appreciating what can be a trade secret and how to take steps to protect a trade secret are vital for inventors and businesses alike. 
 
What is a Trademark?
Generally speaking a trademark is a word, name, symbol or device which is used in trade with goods to indicate the source of the goods and to distinguish them from the goods of others. A service mark is the same as a trademark except that it identifies and distinguishes the source of a service rather than a product. The terms “trademark” and “mark” are commonly used to refer to both trademarks and service marks.
A trademark is a significant asset.  A trademark not only becomes your company seal, but it is how consumers will relate to your goods or services.  If you have high quality goods and services for a reasonable price then customers will associate your company with positive feelings and memories, so the next time they see your trademark they will conjure up in their minds a whole host of positives.  This conjuring up of positive feelings, emotions and memories of satisfaction can be powerful. 
Trademark rights may be used to prevent others from using a confusingly similar mark, but not to prevent others from making the same goods or from selling the same goods or services under a clearly different mark. Trademarks which are used in interstate or foreign commerce may be registered with the Patent and Trademark Office.
Filing a trademark application is an excellent step to take to protect your name, slogan or logo. It is, however, important to understand that not all trademarks are created equal. While every state allows you to obtain a trademark registration, federal trademark registration provides the greatest rights. This is because when you obtain a United States federal trademark your rights will exist throughout the country, and not in just one particular state or geographic locality.
The first step to acquiring federal trademark rights requires that you either (1) start using the slogan, name or logo in commerce (i.e., some kind of commercial use) and then subsequently file a trademark application; or (2) file an intent to use application which will lock in your filing date but which does not require immediate use. 

What is Trade Dress Protection?
Trade dress is the totality of elements in which a product or service is packaged or presented. These elements combine to create the whole visual image presented to customers and are capable of acquiring exclusive legal rights as a type of trademark or identifying symbol of origin. Because trade dress includes all factors making up the total image under which a product or service is presented to customers, it potentially covers almost all aspects of appearance. Things that have been held protectable under the category of trade dress include: (1) the shape and appearance of a product; (2) the shape and appearance of a container; (3) the cover of a book or magazine; (4) the layout and appearance of a business establishment such as a restaurant; (5) the theme and look of a line of greeting cards; and (6) the recognizable shape of an automobile.
 
What is the Right of Publicity?
The “right of publicity” is the inherent right of every human being to control the commercial use of his or her identity. Please note these carefully chosen words. It is the right of “every human being,” not the right of every person. In many contexts we could substitute the phrase “every human being” with the word “person,” but it is important to remember that the right of publicity is an individual right. When the word “person” is used in the law we most often define “person” to include corporations or other similar entities. This is not the case with the right of publicity. The right of publicity does not protect the persona of a corporation, partnership, institution or other similar entities; it protects only the human identity.
Infringement of the right of publicity can be triggered by any unauthorized use in which the plaintiff is “identifiable.” A plaintiff is identifiable by name, nickname, stage name, pen name, picture, photograph, voice (particularly a distinctive voice) or any object closely identified with a person. An unpermitted commercial use where the plaintiff is identifiable triggers a prima facie case of infringement of the right of publicity.